Tuesday, September 16, 2008

Reconceptualization of ACAP

If Firm 1 has a low efficiency factorcompared to Firm 2, it is still possible that Firm 2 may have a higher RACAP than Firm 1, in spite of Firm 1 having a higher PACAP. Firms that achieve or maintain a high RACAP-to-PACAP ratio would be well positioned to gain value. This point underscores the importance of separating potential from realized ACAP in order to account for the contributions of this construct. Thus, distinction between potential and realized ACAP provides an explanation of why certain large firms, in spite of their greater investments in developing their ACAP, may lose out to smaller firms that can more efficiently convert their potential capacity to realized capacity. This discussion suggests the following two propositions:

Proposition 1: A firm's absorptive capacity is composed of potential and realized
capacities wherein PACAP is a function of acquisition and assimilation capabilities, and RACAP is a function of conversion and exploitation capabilities.

Proposition 2: A high realized-to-potential absorptive capacity is positively associated with future value creation.

It has been observed that companies do not always foster the sharing or integration of knowledge. Structural, cognitive, behavioral, and political barriers may stifle the effective sharing and integration of knowledge. Integration can take place informally (e.g., communication) or formally (e.g., use of coordinators). Informal integration is useful in building bridges and exchanging ideas. However, more formal ways to integrate knowledge have the advantage of being more systematic. They can be more useful in distributing information within the firm, gathering interpretations and identifying trends. Firms that use formal integration are, therefore, likely to be better equipped to make their members aware of the types of data that make up their PACAP. This can expedite the process of converting and exploiting knowledge and make it more efficient. Sharing and integration of knowledge can increase efficiency factorby reducing the gap between PACAP and RACAP. These observations suggest the following proposition:

Proposition 3. Knowledge integration reduces the gap between potential and realized ACAP, thereby improving the efficiency factor.

Exploiting technologies (or technological knowledge) requires different skills from those that constitute ACAP. These skills are termed “transformative capacity,” defined as “the ability to continually redefine a product portfolio based on technological opportunities created within a firm.” This capacity centers on selecting different technologies, nurturing and developing these technologies over time, and synthesizing these technologies as needed to accomplish the firm’s strategic goals. These activities differ from the acquisition, assimilation and conversion of externally acquired knowledge.

Proposition 4: A firm’s transformative capacity reduces the gap between potential and realized ACAP, thereby improving its efficiency factor.